Lung cancer is the deadliest cancer in the world and its survival decreases with the stage at which it is diagnosed. It has been proven that screening people for lung cancer with low dose computed tomography (an X-ray machine that uses a small amount of radiation to make detailed images of the lungs) can reduce mortality by allowing to detect the cancer at an earlier stage when treatment are...
Several risk factors for breast cancer, the most common cancer in the world, have already been identified. These risk factors are of different types, often interrelated, such as lifestyle habits, or molecules in blood (hormones, inflammation markers). These molecules can be measured with some laboratory methods. Despite advances in our knowledge, however, most breast cancer cases are still not...
Cancer stage at diagnosis is an important prognostic factor to assess the effectiveness of cancer clinical management and treatment. The two most used staging system by population-based cancer registries (PBCR) are TNM staging classification and the SEER summary (SS) staging or local variation of the SS. The lack of international standardization for recording stage information, the frequent...
Traditionally cancer diagnoses have been made using histopathology techniques, whereby a pathologist examines pieces of tumour tissue under a microscope, observing physical features of the cells, or their 'histology'. However we now know that tumours which appear physically similar under a microscope can in fact behave very differently, for instance one tumour may grow faster than another....
Diet is an important modifiable risk factor for cancer and several foods have been associated with risk of cancer. In most studies, dietary intake is measured using dietary questionnaires which might be limited by a lack of detail or the memory of the participants. Biomarkers of food intake which can be measured in blood or urine have been proposed as a mean to improve intake assessment for...
